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NEW QUESTION 21
The Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria (ITSEC) was written to address which of the following that the Orange Book did not address?
- A. integrity and confidentiality
- B. integrity and availability
- C. confidentiality and availability
- D. none of the above
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
A difference between ITSEC and TCSEC is that TCSEC bundles functionality and assurance into one rating, whereas ITSEC evaluates these two attributes separately. The other differences are that ITSEC was developed to provide more flexibility than TCSEC, and ITSEC addresses integrity, availability, and confidentiality, whereas TCSEC addresses only confidentiality. ITSEC also addresses networked systems, whereas TCSEC deals with stand-alone systems.
Incorrect Answers:
A: Both ITSEC and TCSEC address confidentiality.
B: Both ITSEC and TCSEC address confidentiality.
D: One of the answers given is correct.
References:
Harris, Shon, All In One CISSP Exam Guide, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2013, p. 401
NEW QUESTION 22
Which of the following access control types gives "UPDATE" privileges on Structured Query Language (SQL) database objects to specific users or groups?
- A. Mandatory
- B. Discretionary
- C. System
- D. Supplemental
Answer: A
Explanation:
Supplemental and System are not access control types. The most correct answer is mandatory opposed to discretionary. The descriptions below sound typical of how a sql accounting database controls access. "In a mandatory access control (MAC) model, users and data owners do not have as much freedom to determine who can access their files. Data owners can allow others to have access to their files, but it is the operating system that will make the final decision and can override the data owner's wishes." Pg. 154 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide "Rule-based access controls are a variation of mandatory access controls. A rule based systems uses a set of rules, restrictions or filters to determine what can and cannot occur on the system, such as granting subject access, performing an action on an object, or accessing a resource. Pg 16 Tittle: CISSP Study Guide.
NEW QUESTION 23
What is the name of a one way transformation of a string of characters into a usually shorter fixed-length value or key that represents the original string? Such a transformation cannot be reversed?
- A. Substitution
- B. One-way hash
- C. Transposition
- D. DES
Answer: B
Explanation:
A cryptographic hash function is a transformation that takes an input (or
'message') and returns a fixed-size string, which is called the hash value (sometimes termed a message digest, a digital fingerprint, a digest or a checksum).
The ideal hash function has three main properties - it is extremely easy to calculate a hash for any given data, it is extremely difficult or almost impossible in a practical sense to calculate a text that has a given hash, and it is extremely unlikely that two different messages, however close, will have the same hash.
Functions with these properties are used as hash functions for a variety of purposes, both within and outside cryptography. Practical applications include message integrity checks, digital signatures, authentication, and various information security applications. A hash can also act as a concise representation of the message or document from which it was computed, and allows easy indexing of duplicate or unique data files.
In various standards and applications, the two most commonly used hash functions are
MD5 and SHA-1. In 2005, security flaws were identified in both of these, namely that a possible mathematical weakness might exist, indicating that a stronger hash function would be desirable. In 2007 the National Institute of Standards and Technology announced a contest to design a hash function which will be given the name SHA-3 and be the subject of a FIPS standard.
A hash function takes a string of any length as input and produces a fixed length string which acts as a kind of "signature" for the data provided. In this way, a person knowing the hash is unable to work out the original message, but someone knowing the original message can prove the hash is created from that message, and none other. A cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible like a random function while still being deterministic and efficiently computable.
A cryptographic hash function is considered "insecure" from a cryptographic point of view, if either of the following is computationally feasible:
finding a (previously unseen) message that matches a given digest
finding "collisions", wherein two different messages have the same message digest.
An attacker who can do either of these things might, for example, use them to substitute an authorized message with an unauthorized one.
Ideally, it should not even be feasible to find two messages whose digests are substantially similar; nor would one want an attacker to be able to learn anything useful about a message given only its digest. Of course the attacker learns at least one piece of information, the digest itself, which for instance gives the attacker the ability to recognise the same message should it occur again.
REFERENCES:
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the
Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley Sons, Pages 40-41.
also see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function
NEW QUESTION 24
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